This commentary on Paul's letter to the Romans summarizes and completes Ernst Käsemann's lifelong study of Paul's theology and of this epistle in particular. As is common in his writings, Käsemann in this commentary has gone his own, frequently provocative way. He has emphasized theological rather than historical questions; as a result, this commentary divides Romans into sections according to what Käsemann sees as the key theological concept of the letter — the righteousness of God. That Käsemann has, however, considered seriously the historical as well as theological questions in the extensive literature on Romans is evident in the numerous references in the text and in the bibliographies provided for the major and minor subdivisions of the sections. This commentary has been translated from the German by Geoffrey W. Bromiley, who has translated, among other works, Kittel's . Long paragraphs in the original have been divided to provide easier reading, and the references have been converted to English- translation equivalents wherever possible. In addition, this translation incorporates changes that Käsemann made in the German original for the 4th edition.