Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used to treat various types of acute and chronic pain. Although NSAIDs relieve symptoms, they are not without significant adverse effects. The most noteworthy adverse effect is upper gastrointestinal toxicity. Almost after one hundred and seventeen years of use the effects of most widely used NSAID, aspirin are well known, but some of the unwanted effects are only now emerging or being defined. Even the concerns of cardiovascular safety have also caused many patients to discontinue use of NSAIDs. Therefore dentists should assess the risk and benefits of each medication, taking into account the medical history and analgesic requirement of each individual. At present, the logical therapeutic approach is to choose low dose of NSAID and to use interventions to reduce or avoid NSAID associated complications. This book would be explaining in detail about the controversies associated with the use of NSAIDs in various pathophysiological conditions.