This book endeavours to contribute to comparative literary studies, especially the study of the modern novel, through its analysis of the process of individuation in four distinct literatures, two western and two Arabic. The overarching aim of this study is therefore to link the process of individuation to the novel as a distinct literary genre, and demonstrate how one can probe certain aspects of individuation through the study of the novel. This particular approach creates a significant dialogical interaction between the process of individuation and the genre of the novel. By contextualising each writer in his specific literary field of production one is able to identify the specificity of his literary contribution, in the process of shaping personal identity. The introduction outlines the theoretical framework and argues that literary texts are immersed in a complex social network of power relations relevant to perceptions of identity, the process of individuation and the psychology of the individual, by linking them to the complex process of modernity. The study grounds its investigation in the most sophisticated theories in the sociology of cultures, identity and literary theory through the work of Pierre Bourdieu, Stuart Hall, Anthony Giddens, Rene Girard, and Mikhail Bakhtin. By doing so it avoids the normative and simplistic understanding of the process of individuation, and the genre of the novel. It views the modern novel as immersed in a complex social network of power relations (Bourdieu), relevant to perceptions of identity (Hall), and the process of individuation and the psychology of the individual (Girard), interwoven into the fabric of the complex process of modernity (Giddens) and articulated in the modern novel due to its polyphony of voices (Bakhtin). Chapter one analyses the process of individuation in Norwegian literature through the work of Knut Hamsun and in particular his novels, Hunger, Mysteries, and Pan. Chapter two examines Irish literature and James Joyce's contribution through novels like A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses. Chapter three studies the Arabic-Egyptian literature of Naguib Mahfouz and the novels The Beggar and Respected Sir. Chapter four investigates the work of the Arabic-Sudanese novelist Tayeb Salih in his Season of Migration to the North, and The wedding of Zein. The conclusion brings together the result of the analysis and relates the process of individuation and the shaping of personal identity to the genre of the novel. This book would be of interest to students and scholar of comparative literature, be it Norwegian, Irish or modern Arabic.