Providing a comprehensive overview of the current orthopedic uses of intramedullary devices, this practical, well-illustrated guide opens with a review of the history of limb lengthening from the early external fixator up to Ilizarov’s monumental discoveries, with a summary of the biology of new bone formation in a widening distraction gap. This is followed by post-Ilizarov developments with external fixators designed to ease application and increase patient tolerance of such devices, as well as a discussion of the intramedullary lengthening devices from the earliest mechanical distractors to the most modern implants, detailing the surgical principles, pre-operative planning and specific operative techniques for each. Concluding chapters focus on preventing and dealing with complications from the surgery and day-to-day post-operative management. A unique feature of the book is a cross-section atlas of the upper and lower limbs that will assist surgeons to avoid impaling neurovascular structures during the minimally invasive portions of operative insertion of the implants. is an ideal, on-the-spot resource for orthopedic surgeons, residents and trainees treating pediatric and adult limb deformities and length deficiencies, as well as physical therapists and other health care providers who manage such patients post-operatively.