The disease of the kidney wherein the ability to filter blood and control the blood pressure is affected is known as kidney disease. It can be classified into chronic kidney disease and acute kidney disease. The medical condition in which the kidneys stop working suddenly is known as acute kidney disease. Chronic disease is the medical condition where the kidneys are unable to function properly for more than three months. Diabetes, chronic or uncontrolled high blood pressure, polycystic kidney syndrome and chronic glomerulonephritis are some common causes of kidney disease. Kidney transplantation is a type of surgery performed to replace a diseased kidney with a healthy kidney from a donor. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of kidney disease and transplantation and the recent researches on them. Researchers and students in this field will be greatly assisted by it.