Identifying companies that are trading below their intrinsic value-that is, the real worth of the company-is the main goal of value investing. Value investors think that illogical elements like emotions, trends, or passing events frequently cause the market to misprize stocks. Value investors hope to make money when the market price and intrinsic value eventually converge by purchasing these cheap stocks and holding them over time. Benjamin Graham, who is recognized as the father of value investing and a mentor to one of the greatest investors of all time, Warren Buffett, is credited with developing the concept of value investment. Security Analysis (1934) and The Intelligent Investor (1949), two of Graham's seminal works on value investing, outlined the concepts and methods of value investing. The margin of safety, or the difference between a stock's intrinsic value and market price, is one of the fundamental ideas of value investing. The margin of safety acts as a buffer against unanticipated events, valuation errors, and market changes. The potential return is bigger and the danger is lower the larger the margin of safety. Generally speaking, value investors seek out equities with a minimum 50% margin of safety. A further tenet of value investing is to pay more attention to the company's performance and quality than to stock price fluctuations. To ascertain the intrinsic value of a business, value investors examine its financial statements, competitive advantages, development prospects, and managerial caliber. They also search for companies with steady earnings, solid financial statements, minimal debt, substantial returns on equity, and long-lasting competitive advantages. Being independent and contrarian, or acting and thinking differently from the bulk of the market, is the third value investing tenet. Value investors rely on their own analysis and discretion rather than following the herd or the newest trends. They are swayed by the business's facts and data rather than by the opinions of analysts, the media, or peers. As long as the stocks are inexpensive and have strong fundamentals, they are not scared to purchase unpopular or overlooked stocks. Value investing is successful because it takes advantage of the market's inefficiencies and irrationality-which frequently cause it to overreact to positive or negative news-to purchase or sell stocks at favorable prices. Value investing is successful because it is founded on the idea of reversion to the mean, which holds that exceptional circumstances eventually tend to return to average levels. As a result, overvalued equities typically decline to their inherent value, whilst undervalued ones typically rise to theirs. The long-term track records of numerous renowned value investors, including Walter Schloss, Joel Greenblatt, Charlie Munger, Seth Klarman, Warren Buffett, and Charlie Munger, attest to the strategy's success and profitability. A value investment firm, Tweedy, Browne Company, found that between 1926 and 2012, value stocks beat growth stocks by an average of 4.6% year. During the same time span, value investing beat the market index by an average of 3.1% annually. Value investing is a methodical and logical way to invest that aims to purchase companies that are selling for less than their true value and hold onto them until they rise to their market value. Value investors lower risk and boost return by adhering to the concepts of contrarianism, business analysis, and margin of safety. Value investing is successful because it capitalizes on the irrationalities and inefficiencies of the market as well as the reversion to the mean theory. Value investing is a long-term approach that calls for perseverance, commitment, and conviction rather than a get-rich-quick plan.