The second of a two-volume set showcasing current research in model theory and its connections with number theory, algebraic geometry, real analytic geometry and differential algebra. This volume completes a series of expository essays and research papers around the subject matter of a Newton Institute Semester on Model Theory and Applications to Algebra and Analysis. The articles concluded here reveal new research on topics such as model theory and conjectures around Mordell-Lang; arithmetic of differential equations, and Galois Theory of difference equations; model theory and complex analytic geometry; o-minimality; model theory and non-commutative geometry; definable groups of finite dimension; Hilbert's tenth problem; and Hrushovski constructions. With contributions from so many leaders in the field, this two-volume set will undoubtedly appeal to all mathematicians with an interest in model theory and its applications.