Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons which occurs naturally beneath the Earth's surface. It is yellowish-black in color and is commonly known as crude oil. Petroleum is formed when immensely large quantities of dead organisms, primarily algae and zooplankton get buried underneath sedimentary rocks and is subjected to very high heat and pressure. Petroleum science is a multidisciplinary field which employs the principles of geology, drilling technology, geostatistics, chemistry, railway engineering, logistics and transport, and economics. Petroleum and its products are widely used for various purposes such as heating, power generation, powering vehicles, etc. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of petroleum science which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.