Phylogenetic mapping based on geographical measures is perhaps one of the most vital parts of bioscience research. Constant environmental changes have led to a distribution of organisms on land and in water. The imbalance caused by overexploitation of key species is not only leading to their extinction, but an imbalance directly affecting the ecosystem. Hence, it becomes the duty of scientists to seek methods to restore balance and rescue the endangered species from non-existence. In order to accomplish this target, species-mapping, history traits and genetic variation must be thoroughly understood. This book helps in the understanding of phylogenetics and phylogeography of a vast range of animals, ranging from disease inducing microorganisms to spiders found in tropical regions, and trees found in the Arctic tundra.