This Special Issue presents proceedings of the International Conference on Behavioral Health and Traumatic Brain Injury convened in October 2008 that brought together over 100 international scientists, health care professionals, policy makers, US Military personnel, and family members, addressing the issues of mild traumatic brain injury and post traumatic stress disorder in the military. The conference produced a Report to US Congress outlining recommendations for state of the art, novel approaches in research, technology, diagnosis, treatment, training, and outreach. The issue contains the Report, a message from US Congressman Bill Pascrell, and articles authored by participants of the conference.