Raging Against the Machine explains why political opposition emerges and persists over a protracted period of time in an autocracy-thirty years under Hosni Mubarak-without either changing the fundamental rules of the political game or disappearing as a consequence of the regime's containment strategies. Albrecht uncovers a rich and dynamic world of opposition politics in Egypt. Apart from Islamist movements-by far the strongest opposition groups-we find other forms of organizations in Egypt, such as political parties, human rights groups, smaller protest movements, organizations representing workers' interests, and informal pressure groups. These groups have employed different ideological and programmatic perspectives, such as Islamism, Nationalism, Liberalism, and Socialism.