The permanent presence of Islam and Muslims (approximately 7 million) is a comparatively recent phenomenon in most countries of the European Community. By far the greater majority of them consists of former inhabitants of the Muslim world who migrated to the West for economic or political reasons after the Second World War. Over the last decades many initiatives have been launched by Muslim communities to create infrastructural provisions for their religious life, within the existing legal and social frameworks. In fact, all countries of the European Community share the principles of religious freedom and non-discrimination in their respective Constitutions. However, the precise way in which these principles are interpreted and applied to Islam depends largely on the historical traditions concerning the relations between State and Religion, which differ from one country to another. The present book is mainly based on the numerous articles and books concerning the public status of Islam in the various countries of Western Europe which were published between 1987 and 1994. First of all, a comparative study is offered of the relation between State and Religion, according to the constitutional traditions of the member states of the European Community. Secondly, the authors discuss the opportunities and obstacles in the realization of an organizational structure by the Muslim communities. Attention is paid, among others, to the foundation of mosques, the position of imams, and the attempts to create representative bodies on the national level which can serve as negotiating partners with the national governments. In a separate chapter, attention is paid to Islam as a minority religion from a theoretical point of view. Then follows a discussion of the possibilities for the observance of islamic customs and rituals, such as religious holidays, dietary laws and dress rules. With regard to Islamic religious education attention is paid in the last chapter to religious education within mosques, public, Christian and Islamic schools. At the end there is an extensive bibliography with an index of subjects and countries.