Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by infection with three schistosoma trematodes, three liver flukes and the bacterium
Helicobacter pylori
. These biological agents were selected for evaluation on the basis of evidence suggesting a causal association between infection and the development of human cancers. The first monograph assesses data on
Schistosoma haematobium S. mansoni
and
S. japonicum
, the three species which account for the vast majority of schistosomal disease in humans. The most extensive sections evaluate the results of studies of cancer in humans and experimental animals, concentrating on the strength of evidence linking infection with
S. haematobium
to squamous-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, and infection with
S. mansoni
or
to an increased risk for cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. The monograph concludes that infection with
is carcinogenic to humans and that infection with
is possibly carcinogenic to humans; infection with
could not be classified. The second monograph on liver flukes evaluates data on
Opisthorchis viverrini
O. felineus
Clonorchis sinensis
. These foodborne trematodes establish a chronic infection of the bile ducts and more rarely the pancreatic duct and gall-bladder of humans and other mammals. Most carcinogenicity data centre on the possibility that these trematodes are involved in the development of cholangiocarcinoma or liver cancer. The monograph concludes that infection with O
. viverrini
C. sinensis
is probably carcinogenic to humans; infection with
could not be classified. The final monograph evaluates data on
. More than half of the world's population may be infected with this bacterium, which is responsible for most cases of chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcer. Citing several studies linking infection to gastric cancer in humans, the monograph concludes that infection with
H. pylori
is carcinogenic to humans.