Measures of central tendency, such as mean, median, and mode, are fundamental statistical tools used to summarize data. In pharmaceuticals, these measures help in understanding the average potency of a drug, the middle value of dosage distributions, and the most frequent side effects observed. Dispersion metrics like range and standard deviation provide insights into the variability of pharmaceutical data, aiding in assessing consistency and reliability. Correlation and regression analyses, including Pearson's coefficient and multiple regression, are crucial for identifying relationships between variables, such as dose-response curves, and optimizing drug formulations. Additionally, probability concepts and various statistical tests underpin the design and interpretation of clinical trials, ensuring robust and scientifically sound conclusions in pharmaceutical research.